Glutathione and Hypothyroidism: Restoring Redox Balance In hypothyroidism - whether autoimmune (Hashimoto's) or non-autoimmune - the reduced metabolic rate paradoxically also creates oxidative stress, through different mechanisms: *Reduced mitochondrial efficiency - slower metabolism generates more electron leakage and ROS per unit of energy produced *Impaired antioxidant enzyme activity - thyroid hormones regulate the expression of antioxidant enzymes including GPx and SOD
107 In contrast, another study has reported that overexpression of MFN2 enhances chondrocyte-specific gene expression and exhibits protective effects against OA
Aside from providing cysteine as a glutathione precursor, NAC also appears to have antioxidant properties by itself, and is a valuable sulfur donor for various metabolic needs
Whole Grains: Besides fiber, grains like brown rice and quinoa offer antioxidants such as selenium [57]
Cui M, Li X, Geng L, Wu N, Wang J, Deng Z, et al
In another aspect, most plant-derived bioactive compounds have low stability and bioavailability in vivo in their natural form, which make their effective use in patients with endometriosis challenging
