Oxidative Stress Level of Evidence: Moderate preclinical evidence ALC demonstrates significant antioxidant and anti-apoptotic activity.[7] Compared to L-carnitine at equivalent doses, ALC was more effective in decreasing oxidative damage markers including malondialdehyde (MDA), oxidized nucleotides (oxo8dG/oxo8G), and nitrotyrosine in old rat brain.[17] ALC reduces total cellular levels of oxidized peroxiredoxins and counteracts age-related decreases of PRX3 and SOD2.[8] ALCs antioxidant effects extend beyond direct scavenging to include enhancement of endogenous antioxidant defenses
non-responding individuals
Oxidative Glutamate Toxicity In addition to the receptor-mediated excitotoxicity, an increase in extracellular glutamate can also lead to oxidative stress in the form of the non-receptor-mediated oxidative glutamate toxicity (Tan et al., 2001)
EMBO J 44(11):32313265
For post-exposure protection, previously unvaccinated people need four doses of the rabies vaccine, plus rabies immune globulin (RIG)
In addition, L-theanine distinctly reduced the elevated serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (86) activities in ETEC infected mouse models (87)
