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Additionally, the protective effects of estrogens in PD are also related to the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway and the consequent upregulation of Bcl-2, as demonstrated in dopaminergic cells in mesencephalic slice cultures (Wang et al., 2011)

Carnitine is a non-essential amino acid that helps to maintain overall good health by facilitating the transfer of fatty acid groups into the mitochondrial membrane for cellular energy produ

These mice exhibited disturbed blood glucose homeostasis and died within 24 h

Nevertheless, there is no evidence at the moment that glutamine directly stimulates muscle growth or performance

Glass GBJ, et al

10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102450 Summary Keywords oxidative stress, molecular mechanism, detection methods, antioxidants, diseases Citation Gao Q, Jiang L, Sun Y, An X, Sun W, Tang S, Kang X, Zhao X, Li Z, Liu C, Ji H and Lian F (2025) Oxidative stress: from molecular studies to clinical intervention strategies